Bipolar disorder produces recurring manic or hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes, each with distinct symptoms that affect activity, sleep, judgment and relationships. Mania can include impulsivity and, in severe cases, psychosis; depression features persistent low mood and loss of interest. Symptoms often begin in late adolescence or early adulthood and can be managed with medication, psychotherapy and lifestyle changes. Seek professional help if symptoms interfere with daily life or if there is risk of self-harm.

What bipolar disorder looks like

Bipolar disorder causes repeated, often dramatic swings between very high and very low moods. These shifts can happen over hours, days or months. People usually have periods of relatively normal mood between extremes.

Symptoms most often appear in late adolescence or early adulthood and typically last throughout life. The condition is a mood disorder: changes show up in activity, energy, sleep, appetite, speech, thinking and judgment.

Not all mood changes are bipolar disorder. The disorder is defined by distinct episodes: manic or hypomanic episodes for the high phase, and depressive episodes for the low phase.

Mania and hypomania: the high side

Manic episodes are marked by an unusually elevated, expansive or irritable mood and increased activity or energy. Hypomania involves similar symptoms but is less severe and does not include psychosis.

Common signs of mania or hypomania

  • Unusually upbeat, jumpy or wired feeling
  • Increased talkativeness, rapid speech or racing thoughts
  • Reduced need for sleep without feeling tired
  • Grandiose ideas or inflated self-esteem
  • Impulsive, risky behaviors (spending sprees, unsafe sex, substance use)
  • Distractibility, poor judgment, agitation
  • In severe mania: hallucinations or delusions
Because people in a manic or hypomanic state often feel well and more productive, they may not recognize a problem and rarely seek help during these episodes.

Depressive episodes: the low side

Depressive episodes cause persistent sadness or loss of interest and a marked drop in energy and activity. These symptoms commonly impair work, school and relationships.

Common signs of bipolar depression

  • Intense sadness, tearfulness or emptiness
  • Loss of interest or pleasure in most activities
  • Low energy, slowed thinking or speech; trouble getting out of bed
  • Changes in appetite or sleep (sleeping too much or insomnia)
  • Feelings of worthlessness, excessive guilt, anxiety or irritability
  • Difficulty concentrating, making decisions or remembering
  • Social withdrawal and reduced sexual interest
  • Use of alcohol or drugs to cope
  • Suicidal thoughts or behavior (seek immediate help if present)
Depressive episodes are often what prompt people to seek medical attention because they interfere with daily life.

Types and impact

Clinicians classify bipolar illness in several ways, most commonly Bipolar I (manic episodes) and Bipolar II (hypomania plus major depression). Cyclothymic disorder describes milder, chronic mood fluctuations.

Bipolar disorder can significantly disrupt functioning and carries an increased risk of self-harm. It is treatable: a combination of medication, psychotherapy and lifestyle strategies can reduce episode frequency and severity.

If you or someone you know shows signs of mania or depression, contact a mental health professional. In a crisis or if there is imminent danger, seek emergency help immediately.

FAQs about Bipolar Disorder Symptoms

How is mania different from hypomania?
Both involve elevated mood, increased energy and reduced need for sleep. Hypomania is less severe, does not cause major impairment, and does not include psychosis. Mania is more intense and can include psychotic symptoms and significant disruption to daily life.
When do symptoms of bipolar disorder usually start?
Symptoms most often begin in late adolescence or early adulthood, though onset can vary. Early recognition and treatment help reduce long-term disruption.
Are mood swings in bipolar disorder normal mood changes?
No. Bipolar mood episodes are more extreme than everyday mood swings and involve clear changes in activity, sleep, thinking and judgment that impair functioning.
Can bipolar disorder be treated?
Yes. A combination of medications, psychotherapy and lifestyle strategies can reduce the frequency and severity of episodes. Treatment plans should be individualized by a clinician.
What should I do if someone is suicidal or in crisis?
If there is an immediate danger, call emergency services or a crisis line in your area. If you're concerned but it's not an emergency, contact a mental health professional for advice.

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