How Noise-Canceling Headphones Work - and how to choose one in 2025

Active noise cancellation uses microphones and anti-phase waveforms to reduce steady low-frequency noise. Modern manufacturers - Sony, Bose, Sennheiser, Apple and others - offer ANC across over-ear and in-ear designs. When choosing, prioritize ANC performance, comfort, battery life and connectivity, and test models in real noisy situations.

What noise-canceling headphones do

Noise-canceling headphones use a mix of passive isolation (ear cups or in-ear tips) and active noise cancellation (ANC) to reduce unwanted background sound. Small microphones pick up ambient noise and the ANC circuit generates an "anti-noise" waveform that partially cancels steady low-frequency sounds like airplane engines, buses and HVAC hum.

ANC performance varies by design and model. Over-ear headphones typically provide the strongest passive isolation and, combined with ANC, the best real-world reduction of travel noise. True wireless earbuds now also include effective ANC and useful features like transparency modes for conversations.

Who makes them today (examples)

Major audio brands and consumer electronics companies continue to offer ANC models across price points. Current well-known examples include:

• Sony (WH-1000XM5 and WF-1000XM4 earbuds)

• Bose (QuietComfort 45, Noise Cancelling Headphones 700)

• Sennheiser (Momentum 4)

• Apple (AirPods Max, AirPods Pro)

• Bowers & Wilkins (PX7, PX7 S2)

• Anker Soundcore (Space Q45 and other budget ANC options)

• Skullcandy, JBL, Beyerdynamic and others that span budget to premium

What to check before you buy

• ANC effectiveness: Try to test in a noisy environment (airport, bus, train). ANC is best at cancelling steady, low-frequency hum and varies significantly between models.

• Sound signature and EQ: Some headphones emphasize bass, others aim for neutral accuracy. Many offer companion apps with adjustable EQ and sound profiles.

• Comfort and fit: Over-ear cups, clamping force, and ear-tip fit for earbuds determine long-term comfort. If possible, wear them for 15-30 minutes in store.

• Battery life and charging: Modern over-ear ANC headphones typically offer tens of hours of playback; earbuds are shorter but often include a charging case. Check manufacturer specs and independent battery tests.

• Connectivity features: Look for multipoint Bluetooth, low-latency modes for gaming, and codec support (AAC, aptX, LDAC) if audio quality matters.

• Additional features: Transparency/ambient modes, adjustable ANC levels, built-in voice assistant support, and IP ratings for sweat/resistance.

Practical tips

Read multiple professional and user reviews, test fit when you can, and confirm the return policy. For frequent flyers and commuters, prioritize ANC performance, comfort and battery life. For studio or critical listening, focus on sound neutrality and wired options.

Noise-canceling headphones can make travel, remote work and noisy commutes far more pleasant. The right model depends on how you plan to use them and which tradeoffs you prefer between comfort, battery life and sound.