A vehicle history check - using the VIN - reveals title brands (salvage, rebuilt, flood), odometer inconsistencies, frame or flood damage, accident and theft records, and prior heavy use (taxi, rental, fleet). Use paid reports (Carfax, AutoCheck), free tools (NICB VINCheck, NHTSA/SaferCar recall search), and verify red flags with state DMV records and an independent mechanic inspection before buying.
Buying a used car without checking its history is a risk. A vehicle history check tells you what buyers and dealers often try to hide: title problems, odometer inconsistencies, major damage, and heavy prior use. Use the car's VIN (Vehicle Identification Number) to run these checks before you sign a contract.
What a title check reveals
A title check shows whether a car carries a branded title such as salvage, rebuilt, flood, or lemon buyback. Branded titles indicate serious past problems that can affect safety, insurance, and resale value. State motor vehicle departments record title brands, and commercial services aggregate that data into reports.
Why you should check the odometer
Odometer checks look for mileage inconsistencies and possible rollback. You can compare the odometer reading to service records, state inspection records, and earlier title data. Large, unexplained drops or mismatches are red flags. Keep in mind that service records and digital logs make it easier today to cross-check mileage.
Problem and damage checks
A good report flags frame damage, airbag deployment, flood or water damage, and total-loss events. Flood or fire damage may not be obvious on a surface inspection but can lead to electrical and corrosion problems later. Reports also show whether the vehicle went through a salvage auction, was rebuilt, or had major insurance claims.
Vehicle-use and incident history
History reports can indicate whether a car served as a taxi, rental, fleet, police, or commercial vehicle. Those uses often mean higher wear. Reports also list reported accidents and theft records.
Where to get reliable information
Major commercial providers include Carfax and AutoCheck (paid reports). The National Insurance Crime Bureau (NICB) offers a free VINCheck for some theft and salvage records. The NHTSA's recall search (SaferCar.gov) lets you check open safety recalls. State DMV/title agencies and repair shops can also provide records.
How to use the report
Treat a vehicle history report as one tool, not a guarantee. Follow up on red flags: ask the seller for repair invoices, contact your state DMV about title brands, and request a pre-purchase inspection by an independent mechanic who will inspect structure, systems, and signs of water damage.
Running a VIN-based history check helps you spot hidden problems, negotiate price, or walk away from a risky purchase. It's a small step that can save thousands in repair, diminished resale value, or safety issues.