Typical Signs of Depression - What to Watch For and When to Seek Help

This updated guide explains common signs of depression - sleep disturbances, anhedonia, mood changes, cognitive and physical symptoms - and emphasizes early detection and care. It advises seeing a clinician when symptoms persist for two weeks or more and provides crisis guidance (U.S. 988). Supportive actions for helping someone with depression are included.

Why early recognition matters

Depression affects people across ages and backgrounds. Early recognition and timely care improve the chances of effective treatment and reduce the risk of complications such as worsening function or suicidal thoughts. If symptoms interfere with daily life for two weeks or longer, contact a primary care clinician or a mental health professional.

Common signs to watch for

Changes in sleep

Depression often disrupts sleep. Some people sleep too much, some struggle to fall asleep, and others wake very early and can't return to sleep. Persistent changes in sleep patterns - insomnia or hypersomnia - are common warning signs.

Loss of interest and motivation (anhedonia)

Activities that used to feel rewarding - hobbies, socializing, work, or school - can feel like a lot of effort or no longer enjoyable. This loss of interest, called anhedonia, is a central symptom of depressive illness and often reduces concentration and productivity.

Shifts in mood and temperament

Mood can vary through the day. Some people feel worse in the morning and better as the day goes on; others experience rising anxiety or sudden tearfulness. Irritability, anger, or an unusually short temper can also be expressions of depression, especially in men and adolescents.

Cognitive and physical symptoms

Depression commonly reduces focus, slows thinking, and makes decision-making harder. Physical symptoms may include unexplained aches, changes in appetite or weight, low energy, and psychomotor agitation or slowing.

When to act and what to do

If you notice persistent symptoms that interfere with daily life for most of the day, nearly every day, for two weeks or more, seek medical advice. A clinician can assess for depression, rule out medical causes, and discuss evidence-based treatments such as psychotherapy (for example, cognitive behavioral therapy), antidepressant medications, or a combination.

If someone describes suicidal thoughts, plans, or intent, take it seriously. In the United States, call 988 for the Suicide & Crisis Lifeline or dial local emergency services immediately. If you are outside the U.S., use local emergency numbers or crisis resources.

Supporting someone with possible depression

Encourage a supportive, nonjudgmental conversation and help them connect with a clinician. Offer practical help - scheduling an appointment, accompanying them, or helping with daily tasks - while respecting their autonomy.

Final note

Depression shows differently across individuals. Early, compassionate intervention and professional care can lead to meaningful recovery and improved quality of life.