Multivitamins combine vitamins (and often minerals) to address nutrient shortfalls. They benefit groups at risk of deficiency - pregnant people, older adults, and those on restrictive diets - but provide limited evidence of preventing chronic disease in healthy adults. Review labels against RDAs and ULs, watch for drug interactions, and consult a healthcare provider before starting high doses.

What are multivitamins?

Multivitamins combine two or more vitamins - often with minerals - into a single tablet, capsule, powder, or gummy. People take them to fill dietary gaps, support athletic training, or address specific needs such as pregnancy or aging.

Who may benefit?

Multivitamins can help people with proven or likely nutrient shortfalls. Common examples include:

  • Pregnant people (prenatal formulas that provide folic acid and iron).
  • Older adults (who may need more vitamin B12, vitamin D, or calcium).
  • People on restrictive or medically prescribed diets (where intake of certain nutrients is low).
  • Individuals with diagnosed deficiencies confirmed by a clinician.
For otherwise healthy adults who eat a balanced diet, routine multivitamin use shows limited evidence of preventing chronic disease. Multivitamins are not a substitute for varied whole foods.

Choosing a multivitamin

Read the label. Compare amounts to the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) so you don't exceed safe limits. Formulas vary: some are broad "general" multis, others target groups (men, women, seniors, prenatal). Not all products contain the same nutrients or doses.

If you have a specific condition or take prescription drugs, check for interactions. Certain nutrients (for example, vitamin K) can affect blood thinners; excess iron or vitamin A can be harmful in some situations.

Dosing and safety

Follow label directions and your clinician's advice. Taking more than the recommended dose does not necessarily increase benefits and can raise the risk of side effects. Pay attention to iron and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K), which can accumulate.

Buy one small bottle to try a product before committing to a long supply. If you suspect a deficiency or are considering high-dose supplements, discuss testing and dosing with your healthcare provider.

Practical points for exercisers and athletes

People who train heavily may have higher calorie and some micronutrient needs, but supplements can't replace a calorie- and nutrient-rich diet. A multivitamin can be a practical insurance policy when dietary variety is inadequate, but targeted testing and sports nutrition advice are better for addressing specific performance or recovery concerns.

Bottom line

Multivitamins can correct or prevent nutrient gaps in people at risk of deficiency. For most healthy adults eating a balanced diet, they are optional and provide modest benefits at best. Choose products carefully, avoid excessive doses, and consult your healthcare professional when in doubt.

FAQs about Multivitamins

Should healthy adults take a multivitamin every day?
Routine multivitamin use is optional for healthy adults who eat a varied diet. Evidence for chronic disease prevention is limited. Multivitamins can be useful as nutritional insurance when diet quality is inconsistent.
Can a multivitamin replace a balanced diet?
No. Multivitamins may cover specific nutrient gaps but they do not provide the full array of benefits from whole foods, such as fiber, phytonutrients, and healthy fats.
Which groups should consider a multivitamin or specific supplements?
People who may benefit include pregnant people (prenatal vitamins with folic acid), older adults (B12, vitamin D), those on restrictive diets, and anyone with medically confirmed deficiencies.
How do I choose a safe multivitamin?
Compare label amounts to RDAs and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, choose a product formulated for your life stage, and consult your clinician if you take medications or have health conditions.
Are there risks from taking multivitamins?
Yes. Excessive intake of some vitamins and minerals (for example, iron or fat-soluble vitamins) can cause harm. Supplements can also interact with medications. Stick to recommended doses and seek medical advice for high-dose use.